UltraPure Dithiothreitol (DTT, Cleland's reagent), which reduces disulfides to their corresponding thiols, is used at low concentrations to stabilize enzymes containing free sulfhydryl groups.
IPTG (isopropylthio-β-galactoside), a structural non-metabolizable analogue of allolactose, is an inducer of β-galactosidase activity in bacteria and is suitable for use with X-Gal or Bluo-Gal to detect lac gene activity in cloning procedures.
X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside) is a histochemical substrate for β-galactosidase. This substrate yields a blue precipitate upon hydrolysis, making it suitable for use in immunoblotting or immunocytochemical assays.